Tools

Free calculators for electronics and mechanism projects. Each one runs in your browser and explains the formula behind it.

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Gear Ratio Calculator: Multi-Stage Ratio, Output Speed, Torque and Direction

When you design a gear train, the questions are always the same: what's the overall ratio, how fast does the output turn, how much torque do you get, and which way does it spin? Enter the tooth counts for up to three stages, plus your motor's speed and torque. Stage 1 driver teeth Stage 1 driven teeth Stage 2 driver teeth (optional) Stage 2 driven teeth Stage 3 driver teeth (optional) Stage 3 driven teeth Input speed (rpm) Input torque (kgf·cm) Efficiency per stage (%) Calculate Enter values and press Calculate. The formulas Each stage's ratio is driven teeth ÷ driver teeth . In a compound train (two gears fixed on the same shaft), the overall ratio is the product of the stages: Ratio = (Z₂ ÷ Z₁) × (Z₄ ÷ Z₃) × … Output speed = input speed ÷ ratio Output torque = input torque × ratio × overall efficiency (overall efficiency = per-stage efficiency raised to the number of stages) With the default values, 10 teeth drive 40 (4 : 1), then a 12-tooth gear on ...
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Mecanum-Wheel Pick-and-Place Robot: From Arduino UNO to Mega2560 + ESP32-CAM

🌏 繁體中文版：[DIY專案] 麥克納姆輪取物機器人：從 UNO 初版到 Mega2560＋ESP32-CAM This mechatronics course project is a mecanum-wheel car that can drive in any direction and pick things up with a small robotic arm. This post covers the mechanical and hardware design, and how the car evolved from the first Arduino UNO version to an upgraded Mega2560 + ESP32-CAM build. Upgraded version: mecanum-wheel chassis with a 4-axis robotic arm Mecanum wheels: how a car can slide sideways A mecanum wheel has a ring of small rollers around its rim, each mounted at 45°. When the wheel spins, it pushes diagonally rather than straight ahead. By combining the direction and speed of all four wheels, those diagonal forces either cancel or add up, so the chassis can drive forward and back, strafe left and right, move diagonally, or spin in place, all without turning first. Rollers come in left-handed and right-handed versions, and the four wheels must be installed in mirrored pairs. So in Inventor, both the rollers and the wh...
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Voltage Divider Calculator: Output Voltage, or the Best E24 Resistor Pair for a Target Voltage

A voltage divider uses two resistors to scale a voltage down: reading a battery voltage with an ADC, dropping a 5 V signal to 3.3 V, or making a reference voltage. This calculator works both ways: known resistors → output voltage , or target voltage → the closest pairs of standard E24 resistors . Mode Known R1 and R2 → output voltage Target output voltage → pick resistors Input voltage Vin (V) R1 (top, kΩ) R2 (bottom, kΩ) Target output Vout (V) Calculate Enter values and press Calculate. The formula R1 sits between the input and the output, and R2 between the output and ground: Vout = Vin × R2 ÷ (R1 + R2) Example: Vin = 5 V, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 20 kΩ gives Vout = 5 × 20 ÷ 30 ≈ 3.33 V, with about 0.17 mA flowing through the divider all the time. In "pick resistors" mode, the calculator tries every E24 value for R2, works out the R1 that would be needed, rounds it to the nearest E24 value, and lists the three pairs with the smallest output error. Pairs that give t...
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